With most of its natural and mineral resources having fallen under rebel control, Syrian state revenues have shrunk, leaving the government dependent on unstable sources of income for its survival.
Four years of conflict have decimated the state coffers.
Now the government’s only revenues are drawn from dwindling customs and income taxes, heavily bolstered by lines of credit from key regime backer Iran.
With the rise of the Islamic State (IS) jihadist group, the regime has also lost control over swathes of vital resources — with two phosphate mines among its most recent losses.
According to local activists and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights monitoring group, IS last weekend seized Sharqiya and Khneifess, 50 kilometers (30 miles) southwest of the ancient city of Palmyra in central Syria.
Both sites were run by the state and accounted for much of the regime’s last remaining exports.
An oil ministry official said Sharqiya produced at least three million tons of phosphate a year and Khneifess generated 850,000 tons.
Before the war broke out in 2011, Syria was the fifth largest phosphate exporter in the world, mainly selling to Lebanon, Romania and Greece.
In the first quarter of 2015, Syria sold 408,000 tons of phosphate in total, on the domestic market and abroad, according to the oil ministry.
Sales raised $39 million, with exports accounting for all but $4 million.
– Oil revenues drying up –
Already this year’s exports have less than halved from the 988,000 tons sold in the first three months of 2011 that brought in $63 million for the government.
But with the loss of Sharqiya and Khneifess, prospects are dim for a government which projected income of $160 million in 2015 phosphate sales.
“For the state, whose resources are being depleted, it’s a net loss. In the current situation, any returns are important,” said Jihad Yazigi, who runs Syria Report, an economic weekly.
Syria’s oil resources are not faring much better.
The regime had relied heavily on oil revenues, which brought in $3.8 billion in 2011, around a quarter of total state income.
But output took a drastic hit in 2011 when the European Union imposed an oil embargo to sanction the regime’s brutal repression of anti-government protests.
The cash-strapped government has since lost control of a string of oil fields to IS militants.
Total exports have plummeted from $11.3 billion in 2010 to $1.8 billion in 2014, according to the pro-government newspaper Al-Watan.
With export markets drying up, Syria has grown increasingly reliant on income taxes and customs, which brought in around $550 million in 2014, an official told AFP.
And Iran’s credit lines, which have provided at least $4.6 billion to President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, are part of a shrinking network of crucial but unstable revenue sources.